Energy And Rural Buildings In India
Author:K.S.Jagadish
Edited By:D.K.Subramanian
Name of Journal:Energy Resources Technologies And
Systems
Date:1979
Publisher Name:Centre For Application Of Science
And Technology To Rural Areas- Indian Institute of Science
Place of Publication:Bangalore
The fact that the availability of energy is a major constraint in
rural areas just when there is an urgent need for a major house-building
programme, emphasizes that minimization of energy usage in construction
must be set up as an important objective. There is virtually no information
on the energy consumption of different building technologies. A survey
of energy utilization in several traditional and modern rural buildings
technologies has, therefore, been carried out in and around Ungra Village,
Kunigal Taluk, Tumkur District, Karnataka State, South India. In addition
to presenting the results of the survey, this paper also examines some alternative
building technologies with reference to their energy requirements.
The following conclusions may be stated: (i) efforts at energy conservation
must concentrate on the production of building materials (ii) alternative
building products which reduce the amount of fuel consumption are needed
to avoid environmental degradation (iii) alternate methods of village-level
tile production must be explored. Development of new building products
leading to low-energy and low-cost alternatives is an essential step in
solving the housing problem in villages.
Thermal Energy Consumption In Brick And
Tile Industry
Author:Subhas Chandra Basu, Vasanthi Menon, K.S. Jagadish
Journal:Proceedings of the ASTRA Seminar
Date:March 1985
Publication:Indian Institute of Science
Place:Bangalore
Pages:62-66
The industrialized production of bricks and tiles in India was organized
nearly hundred years ago, at a time when fuel costs were exceedingly low.
The industrial production of these materials has also co-existed with the
traditional, small-scale manufacture in villages. At present, the increasing
fuel costs have rendered many of the manufacturing units uneconomical.
It is hence desirable to understand the energy consumption patterns in existing
brick and tile production units. A survey was hence carried out in Karnataka
and in a few units outside Karnataka to understand the energy problems
of brick and tile manufacturers.
The production of bricks takes place practically all over India, except
probably in the black cotton soil areas. A wide range of technologies
are used depending on the situation and the market. These are (i) traditional
hand moulding bricks (ii) table moulded bricks (iii) wire cut bricks
The production of bricks or tiles require two kinds of energy inputs
(i) mechanical energy in processing wet clay and (ii) thermal energy
in burning.
Of the two kinds of energies, the major energy is obviously
in the thermal energy used for burning. The quantum of thermal energy use
is also dependent on the scale of operation and the design of the kiln.
It is hence necessary to study the various types of kilns used in brick
or tile burning.
Strength Of Brick Masonry Using Mud Mortar
K.S. Subba Rao
Proceedings of the ASTRA Seminar
March 1985
Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore
67-70
Strength tests have been conducted on prisms made out of country burnt
bricks laid in mud mortar. The compressive strengths of these bricks are
lower than 35 kg/cm2. The prism compressive strength, crack load and the
crack pattern have been examined. The parameters of the study included
bricks of different classes based on weight, prism size and shape, and
mortar joint thickness. The studies reveal that the brickwork in mud mortar
behaves as good as other types in vogue and the mortar joint thickness
has little effect on the compressive strength of masonry.
The Design Of Walls And Roofs
K.S. Jagadish
Rural Technology – Lecture Notes – Vol II
1981
Indian Institute of Science
The walls and the roof together represent a major chunk of expenditure
in a building. Any approach to cost reduction must hence concentrate on
the design of walls and roofs. In this paper, some considerations in the
design of walls for rural houses are discussed. It would be useful to list
out the various requirements to be met by a wall design. Some of the typical
felt needs of villagers and the goals of development are presented here.
The roof of a house presents a challenging design situation in under developed
countries. The problem of providing roofs for the poor has been aggravated
by the obsolescence of traditional technologies, rapidly escalating material
costs and the demands/aspirations created by the use of modern, energy intensive
materials by the elite. A possible approach to roof design is indicated here,
based on an analysis of the requirements and available resources.
Soils As Potential Rural Construction Material
T.S. Nagaraj
Rural Technology – Lecture Notes – Vol III
1981
Indian Institute of Science
Material technology in fact has met with the most challenging demands
in the field of engineering design. The direct choice of availability of
construction materials for low cost construction is limited and hence an
ingenious way of exploitation of abundantly available material is examine.
The greatest asset of all material sources is soil. This forms the cheapest
material if it can be used for construction purposes at the same location.
A scientific approach would enable better to gainfully employ soil as building
material.
Soils in general are multicomponent, multiphase particulate systems
with very poor bonding. Soils are essentially disintegrated rock weathered
materials existing in graded fractions. As a part of basic investigation
it has been studied as to what happens to the shear strength of soil when
subjected to repeated exposures to different degrees of relative humidity.
In some of the attempts made towards the rain simulation test, reference
can be made to environmental tests for electronic equipment. It is for us
to make soil acceptable and live with it employing suitable methods to
achieve desirable properties and performance.
A study of the feasibility of utilizing solid wastes for building materials
B.L. Duft, H. Levine and A. McLeod
A study of the feasibility of utilizing solid wastes for building materials
1978
Material Systems Corporation
California
This document reports on a study to research and develop building materials
containing organic and inorganic wastes and waste-derived products. A comprehensive
literature search was conducted to review and evaluate wastes with potential
as matrices, reinforcements, or fillers in building composites. The most
promising candidates were evaluated with limited laboratory studies. From
these studies, two types of matrices, furfural-phenolic and inorganic, were
selected for further study. Seven reinforcement candidates and five filler
candidates were selected for evaluation with the two matrices.
Composite materials are defined in this study as one, which is constructed
of reinforcement, filler, and a matrix. The reinforcement can be a fiber,
a particle, or a sheet and its primary purpose is to transfer load through
the composite. The filler can be small fibers or flakes but is most effective
when it is a particle. Its purpose is to displace the matrix from areas
other than the reinforcement in transferring load. The matrix is the binder
that integrates the other two together and causes the composite to perform
as singular material. This integration is accomplished by chemical adhesion
by the matrix to the surface of the reinforcement and the filler. Only material
systems applicable to this concept are evaluated. This study is accomplished
in two phases. Phase I was a collection and evaluation of waste material
recovery and application research conducted to date. In addition limited
laboratory studies were conducted to clarify some of the results of the literature
survey. Phase II demonstrates the potential, technical and economical feasibility,
evaluate the potential for supply and qualify selected candidates. This
report is a summary of Phase I.
BOOKS
Appropriate Sustainabilities/
Innovations Durables: New ways in French Architecture/ Une autre architecture
francaise
by Marc Emery, Luciana Ravanel
Text: English, French
Paperback: 120 pages
Publisher: Birkhauser (Architectural); Bilingual edition
(February 1, 2003)
ISBN: 3764367385
Whilst France's contemporary architecture is highly regarded throughout
the world, her architects have hardly been leading protagonists in the
debate on ecological building. The developments featured in this book, however,
should serve to correct this impression. Between 1999-2002 Electricite de
France (EDF) initiated an ambitious research programme to bring together
first-class architects and innovative technologies involving renewable energy,
strategies to reduce energy consumption, newly developed software programs
to support ecologically oriented architectural design etc. The goal was to
create sustainable and aesthetically pleasing architecture. This book documents
the buildings, some of which have already been realized, resulting form
this experiment which attracted participation from both established and
also younger architects. Amongst those included are Jean Yves Barrier, Gilles
Bouchez, Francois Chochon, Adrien Fainsilber, Jacques Ferrier, Manuelle Gautrand,
Christian Hauvette, Dominique Lyon & Pierre du Besseet, Marc Mimram,
Francois Roche, Francois Seigneur & Sylvie de la Dure, Francis Soler,
Mirto Vitart & Jean-Marc Ibos.
SOURCE:DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES
Publications :Journals
/ Conference Papers
Lakshmikanthan, K.R.L: "Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln Technology in India"; All India Brick and tile Manufacturers, Annual
issue, 1999
Kumar, Arun; Lakshmikanthan, K.R.L; Vaidyanathan,
Geeta: "Cleaner Brick Production
in India: A Transectoral Initiative"; UNEP, Industry and Environment, January-June 1998,
pp 77-80.
Patara, Shrashtant: "An approach to technological change in rural shelter
for sustainable development"; International
conference on sustainable village based development, Colorado State
University, Colorado; Development Alternatives, New Delhi . 1993.
6 p. Rs. 12/- US$1.00
Vaidyanathan, G and Kumar, A and Prakash, S :
"Buildings in New Delhi, India".In Climate responsive building - appropriate building
construction in tropical and subtropical regions by GUT, P and
ACKERKNECHT, D. SKAT, Switzerland. 1993. 324p.
Rs.260/- US$26.00
Sriraman,V and
Sharma,N; "Design
of Ferro cement under-structure for sloping roofs"; National seminar on low cost housing and infrastructure,
Indian National Academy of Engineering, New Delhi. Development Alternatives,
New Delhi. 1994. 14p. Rs. 28/- US$3.00 "Cement in service of
nation", Shelter group, Development
Alternatives; dec’99
Books
"Reversing the Downward
Spiral"; A Research study
conducted by Development Alternatives and Infras (Switzerland);
Development Alternatives, 1999
Abstract: The research program on structural
and institutional transformation processes related to Sustainable
development puts forth the proposal that increasing demand of housing
and building materials must be met by augmentation of supply through
technological initiatives. This needs to be achieved through sustainable
production systems designed to improve the basic factor conditions
in the local economy. The growth of supply of materials must be
simultaneously achieved while raising the energy productivity (ton
output/energy input) in the building materials industry. This can
be achieved through improvements in existing products/ technologies
and introduction of new alternatives that influence mass consumption.
Technology Dossiers
"Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln Technology in
India"; Development Alternatives,
October 1999.
"Compressed Earth Block
Technology"; Compiled from GTZ,
CRATerre, Development Alternatives; November 1999.
"Ferro cement Technology"; Development Alternatives, November 1999
BOOKS
The Road Back to Nature
By Masanobu Fukuoka
Pp.378/(1996)
Rs. 300 or $13
There is nothing that Fukuoka writes which is not graced
with amazing wisdom, lucidity and aplomb. In this collection of articles,
lectures and essays, Fukuoka records priceless impressions and observations
during his travels and visits to farms outside Japan. And once more, stunning
revelations of the interdependence of nature, God and human beings
The Great Grain Drain
By Books For Change
Pp.119/(1998)
Rs. 100 or $5
A collection of essays which analyse the factors that contribute
to food insecurity in the countries of the South. Contributors include Vandana
Shiva and Devinder Sharma.
Architecture & Independence
By Jon Lang, Madhavi
Desai and Miki Desai
Pp.365/(1997) HB
Rs. 1850 or $50
A first rate volume on the evolution of Indian architecture from 1880 to
1980: the British imposition, independence and the search for a new architecture
and India's position today. Beautifully illustrated and photographed.
Cost Reduction for Primary School Buildings
By Laurie Baker
Pp.48/(1997)
Rs. 50 or $3
All the booklets provide guidance by the celebrated architect in the construction
of low cost buildings using mud/common burnt brick as a basic material in
housing.
Rural Community Buildings
By Laurie Baker
Pp.48/(1997)
Rs. 50 or $3
All the booklets provide guidance by the celebrated architect in the construction
of low cost buildings using mud/common burnt brick as a basic material in
housing.
Rural House Plans
By Laurie Baker
Pp.24
Rs. 8 or $2
All the booklets provide guidance by the celebrated architect
in the construction of low cost buildings using mud/common burnt brick as
a basic material in housing
The New Landscape
By Charles Correa
Pp.135/(1985)
Rs. 150 or $6
One of India's leading architects makes an incisive analysis of the role
of open-to-sky space in a warm climate as well as the need - both political
as well as moral - for equity in the urban context.