3ll_adult

Policy on Adult and Continuing Education- For more; read National Policy on Education 1986 - Programme of Action 1992, Government of India, R.N00.33

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The Total Literacy Campaign of the National Literacy Mision saw as its mission the spread of functional literacy to over 80 million adults...

Popular participation and mass involvement which elevated the Total Literacy Programme in Kerala to the level of a mass social movement in its first phase may be undermined because of the politically motivated actions of the Congress government in the state. KSSP was developing an effective alter-native.
In 1987, it declared at its annual meeting at Ernakulam that it would take up an extensive programme in the state to attain total literacy within a period of five years.

- Literacy Movement in Kerala One Step Forward, Two Step Backwards, S Mohana Kumar, Economic & Political Weekly, 09/10/1993, /eldoc/n00_/09oct93EPW.pdf

- 'Fourth Battle of Panipat' Total Literacy Campaign in Haryana, Prem Chand A Mathew, Economic & Political Weekly, 02/10/1993, /eldoc/n00_/02oct93EPW.pdf

Sadly due to lack of follow -up and political will this programme is not as effective as it once was...

Her name was Chelakkodan Aysha. She was a Muslim woman from the backward district of Malappuram who was chosen to make the state’s historic declaration of having achieved total literacy at a function in Kozhikode in 1990, marking the ultimate success of a great people’s campaign that was started in Kerala way back in 1987. The total literacy campaign, launched by the Left Democratic Front government led by the late E K Nayanar in 1987, was a resounding success thanks to the relentless struggles of ordinary people...
Surprisingly Kerala, which can boast of having initiated the country’s literacy revolution back in the ’80s, now lags behind. We are not hearing anything from Chelakkodan Aysha and Rabiya, who were the public face of the new spirit promoted by the campaign. They have all gone back to their kitchens. While the state declared itself fully literate in 1990 with much fanfare, the past decade has witnessed a relapse due to lack of follow-up action and the quiet abandonment of the literacy campaign by successive governments...

The much-hyped adult literacy programme is an example of how attention has been diverted from the central issue of universalisation of elementary education (UEE). The literacy programme is akin to `mopping the floor while the tap is on' as it seems to be waiting for half of the children in the age group of six to 14 who are out-of-school to become adult illiterates in the 15-35 age group (the official group for literacy mission) so that the literacy programme can be thrust on them. With this policy, the literacy business will be on well beyond 2015.

- ADULT LITERACY SCHEME TAKES A BEATING IN MANY DISTRICTS, KATYAL, ANITA, Times of India, 21/08/1997, N31

The TLC primers have been known to socialise neo-literates to believe the status quo...

THE Total Literacy Campaigns (TLCs) that are specifically designed to address the problem of adult illiteracy have to be seen
not only as social but as cultural phenomena. Cultural values, ideas, beliefs, are constantly transmitted both overtly and
covertly in the educational process. In the school system, textbooks are the repository of formalised learning but in the case of the TLCs, the absence of materials except for literacy primers in most cases, virtually guarantees the sanctity of learning from the primer. The questions that need to be asked are; 'Who is defining knowledge?' 'Whose knowledge is considered of most worth?'

The Revised National Policy on Education (1992) has (therefore) emphasised the need to involve the participants of the literacy programme in various development programmes. The policy document has further stipulated that the National Literacy Mission (NLM) should be geared to suchnational goals as poverty alleviation, and focus specifically on environmental Conservation, observance of small family norm, national integration and promotion of women's equality.
... analysis revealed that there were certain patterns that were common across the various langauge primers...The basic thrust is 'victim blaming' and not 'system blaming'.
What is disquieting is that despite 'women's equality' being stated as a national goal, it is basically the ideology of domesticity that is promoted in the literacy primers. Thus, women's principal responsibility as depicted in the visuals and in the text, remains within the confines of the home and it is the nurturing, nursing, caring role as a mother and as a housewife that is emphasised. In these texts a woman's identity is established through her status as a married woman- for rarely are women shown as widows or as independent single women. Also, the husband-wife relationship is always hierarchical.

For more material on Adult Education- type combinations of the following words into our search systems to read articles:
- " ED1 Adult Education NLM" or search through classification N31

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1. Ministry of Human Resource Development - Annual Report 2003-2004, Government of India, 01/01/2004, R.N00.30
- Adult education- pg 91-104

2. India Education Report, Govinda, R, Oxford University Press, 01/01/2002, B.N21.G.1.,
- Indian Engagement with Adult Education and Literacy – A Matthew Ch 16 pg 221- 232

3. Education For All - India Marches Ahead, Government of India, 01/11/2004, R.N00.35,
- Literacy and Life-Skill Programmes for Adults, Ch 7, pg 49-54

4. National Policy on Education 1986 - Programme of Action 1992, Government of India, R.N00.33,
- Adult and Continuing Education, Ch5 pg 21-28

6. Teacher Training
- Manual For Training of Preraks, Directorate of Adult Education, 01/02/2001, R.N31.11

7. Education and Women/Girls
- Gender Equity in Literacy in India: Some Issues, Dighe, Anita & Patel, Ila, National Inst of Adult Education, 01/01/1992, R.N31.9 (scan)

8. NLM, Government schemes and programmes
- Reaching Out: A Handbook for Student Volunteers on the National Literacy Mission, Alkazi, F., Directorate of Adult Education, R.N31.4

9. Literacy Government schemes and programmes NLM
- Literacy Campaign in Birbhum District of West Bengal: A Documentation, Birbhum Zilla Saksharta Samiti & Others, Directorate of Adult Education, R.N31.2

10. Multi-Media Workshops for Environment Building in the Hindi Speaking States Indore & Lucknow 1994, Hashmi, Sohail, Directorate Adult Education, 02/06/1995, R.N30.3

11. Experience of Mass Literacy Campaigns in India 1988-1996, Parameswaran, M P, Tata Institute of Soc. Science, 01/01/1996, R.N31.1

12. Mission for all, The - National Literacy Mission, National Literacy Mission, Government of India, 01/01/1994, R.N31.6

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1. Policy
- Learning Opportunities For All - Trends in Adult Literacy Policy and Practice in Africa and Asia, Patel, Ila, Asian South Pacific Bureau of Education, 01/01/2001, B.N31.P1

2. An Encyclopedia of Indian Adult Education, Shah, S Y, National Literacy Mission, 01/01/1999, B.N30.S5 R

3. Pivotal Issues in Indian Education, Kochhar, S.K., Sterling Publishers Pvt.Ltd., 01/01/1981, B.N20.K1, 2. Adult Education “Adult Education” Ch 16 p.g. 200-225

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